Digital Society and Algorithmic Transformation of the State: Conceptual and Legal Foundations for the Analysis of Artificial Intelligence in Public Health

Abstract

This article examines the origins and development of artificial intelligence (AI) in the digital society, highlighting its transition into a widely accessible tool with significant implications for all areas of society. Particular attention is paid to the legal challenges arising from the use of AI in public healthcare, including transparency, data protection, algorithmic bias, and liability for harm caused by automated systems.The study analyses international and European approaches to AI governance, including initiatives undertaken by the United Nations, UNESCO, and the World Health Organization. It also examines the European regulatory framework, particularly the AI Act, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and the Data Governance Act, which together establish a risk-based and human-centred model for AI governance in healthcare.The analysis emphasises that, despite significant progress in the development of AI regulation, major challenges remain, particularly regarding global regulatory fragmentation, accountability for algorithmic decisions, and the practical implementation of legal safeguards. The article argues that effective AI governance in healthcare requires not only technological innovation, but also adaptive legal mechanisms, ethical oversight, and closer international cooperation.